Europe’s security architecture is undergoing a profound transformation amid the convergence of Russian aggression, growing hybrid threats, and the gradual retrenchment of the United States from its traditional security commitments in Europe. As initiatives such as PESCO, the European Defence Fund,...

The twenty-first century has inaugurated a new phase of geopolitical competition, one that extends beyond terrestrial borders into the contested expanse of outer space. The Artemis Accords, formally initiated by NASA and the United States Department of State on October 13, 2020, represent the most c...

Artificial intelligence is no longer just a technological innovation. It has become a central concern in national security debates. The concept of securitization, developed by Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde within the Copenhagen School of international relations, explains how certain iss...

The situation in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region highlights the growing tension between international human rights norms and geopolitical realities. While global institutions and Western states have imposed sanctions in response to allegations of mass detention, surveillance, and cultural supp...

The Western Indian Ocean has emerged as a critical theatre of geopolitical contestation, driven by intensifying competition among regional and extra-regional powers. With China’s expanding maritime footprint, Iran’s strategic assertiveness, and growing Gulf involvement, the region is witnessing ...

The sinking of the IRIS Dena on 4 March 2026, following a torpedo strike by a United States submarine in the Indian Ocean, marks a rare and consequential escalation in contemporary naval warfare. Occurring within a neutral state’s Exclusive Economic Zone and involving an unarmed vessel returning f...