China's Construction Activities in the Paracel Islands: Unpacking Motives and Geopolitical Implications

Introduction

The Paracel Islands, a contested archipelago situated within the South China Sea[1], have become a focal point of intensifying tensions as a result of China's extensive and contentious construction endeavors throughout the area[2]. This article delves deeply into the intricate motivations that drive China's determined construction initiatives, explores the profound strategic importance attributed to the Paracel Islands, and analyzes the far-reaching geopolitical ramifications stemming from these provocative actions. Through a meticulous examination of the historical backdrop that has shaped the present circumstances, the diverse array of international reactions and counteractions that have emerged, and the potential multifaceted consequences that could unfold, this article is dedicated to furnishing a comprehensive and insightful comprehension of the intricate situation surrounding the Paracel Islands dispute and the dynamics that surround it.

Historical Background

The Paracel Islands have a complex history of sovereignty claims, with multiple countries, including China, Vietnam, and Taiwan, asserting their rights over the archipelago. China's historical claims to the region are grounded in centuries-old maritime records, but these claims have been disputed by neighboring nations. Despite these disputes, China has arbitrarily usedthe ‘U-Shaped line’ narrative, claiming that the territories within this line are theirs, and simultaneously has pressed forward with its construction activities in these regions, primarily focused on expanding existing structures and creating new installations.

As per the official Chinese records, China's presence in the South China Sea extends back over 2000 years.[3]Moreover these records claim thatChina was the first nation to discover, label, explore, and ‘exploit the South China Sea Islands’, as well as the first to maintain continuous sovereignty and control over them[4].These claims are countered by both Vietnam and Taiwan who present their own historical records, claiming that they are the legitimate governing entity of this archipelago. Vietnam argues that it had occupied both Spratly and Paracel Islands in the 17^th century, peacefully exercising sovereignty until they were invaded by Chinese armed forces[5]. On the other hand,Taiwan or rather the Republic of China (ROC) claims to be the legitimate representative of Chinese people and the mainland China[6], implying that all that belongs to People’s Republic of China (PRC) is inherently their property.

Inferring the historical timeline here would make this complex contention a lot simpler. In the aftermath of the 1884–1885 Sino-French War, France gained control of Annam and Tonkin in Vietnam through treaties such as the Tientsin Accord, Treaty of Hu? (1884), and Treaty of Tientsin (1885)[7]. China, after having lost to the  renounced its claims to Vietnam, allowing France to establish colonial rule[8]. The Paracel Islands as well as Spratly Islands, previously under Nguyen dynasty'srule (last Vietnamese dynasty), also came under French control[9].Between 1932 to 1933, France, announced its annexation and occupation of the Paracels, leading to strong resentment from both China and the Imperial Japan[10]. As a reaction, Japan invaded and occupied these Islands in 1938 and made it their garrison[11]. They even constructed a submarine base at Itu Aba (present day Taiping)[12]. In 1941, Japan incorporated these islands into Taiwan, which also was part of Japanese Empire[13].

However, after World War II, Japan surrendered unconditionally, and through Cairo and Potsdam Declarations, ceded its conquered Chinese territories back to Republic of China in 1945[14]. Very soon, ROC established garrisons in both Paracel and Spratly islands infuriating the French who were still ruling the territories of Vietnam[15]. The French attemptedto dislodge the Chinese Nationalist Army from these Islands but were futile. Nevertheless, in 1950, the Chinese Nationalists (ROC) were driven away from the mainland of China by a communist faction called People’s Republic of China (PRC), leading to the withdrawal of forces from both Paracel and Spratly Islands[16].During the same period, the French were also forced to withdraw from Vietnam (which was split in two countries, North and South), following the Geneva Accords of 1954[17].

In 1956, the Independent country of North Vietnam, acknowledged the historical Chinese ownership of the Paracel and Spratly islands[18]. During the same year, China reestablished a garrison on Yongxing Island, while the Republic of China stationed troops on Taiping Island[19]. However, as a surprise act, South Vietnam took control of Shanhu Island and declared its annexation of both the Paracel archipelago and the Spratly[20].

In 1974, South Vietnam attempted to strengthen its sovereignty by relocating its native settlers into Spratly Islands and displacing Chinese fishermen from the southwestern Paracel Islands[21]. This resulted in a naval battle between China and Vietnam which resulted in a Chinese victory, allowing them to expand their dominance over the entire Paracel archipelago[22].

Overall, the historical context of the Paracel Islands dispute plays a pivotal role in shaping China's motives and actions. The conflicting historical narratives between China, Vietnam, and Taiwan have led to contrasting perspectives on territorial claims. China's emphasis on historical presence and activities has laid the groundwork for its construction activities in the region. The geopolitical implications of these actions continue to reverberate, affecting regional dynamics and maritime security in the South China Sea.

China’s Construction Activities and its ‘Great Game’

China's construction activities in the Paracel Islands have been a subject of concern and contention among neighboring countries and the international community. Satellite imagery and expert analysis have revealed significant infrastructure development, military installations, and the creation of artificial islands have taken place under PRC’s regime in the Paracel Islands[23]. Moreover, China's efforts in the Paracel Islands specifically included the construction of airstrips, ports, and other facilities, aiming to establish a robust military and logistical presence in the area[24]. These activities have raised questions about China's intentions, with some experts suggesting that they are part of a broader strategy to exert control over the South China Sea and enhance its power projection capabilities.

Furthermore, the development of military installations, including radar systems, anti-ship and anti-aircraft missile systems, and military-grade runways, has further heightened concerns about China's militarization of the region. These actions have prompted neighboring countries, the West and international observers to closely monitor China's activities and assess their implications for regional security and stability.[25]Artificial island-building has also become a prominent feature of China's South China Sea Strategy. By creating artificial islands, China is trying to significantly expand its territorial footprint in the Paracel Islands, among many other archipelagos. Satellite imagery has documented the transformation of once-submerged features into fully operational installations, capable of supporting military operations, surveillance, and other strategic activities[26].

China's construction activities in the Paracel Islands are driven by a combination of economic, strategic, and territorial motives. Economically, China seeks access to the rich fisheries and potential oil reserves in the region, aiming to secure valuable resources for its growing population and economy[27]. Additionally, China's construction efforts are strategically motivated, aiming to establish a greater degree of maritime control and influence in the South China Sea. By fortifying its presence in the Paracel Islands, China can enhance its ability to project power and assert its territorial claims, potentially challenging the maritime interests of neighbouring countries.

Furthermore, the construction serves as a means to strengthen China's regional dominance. By establishing infrastructure and facilities, China aims to solidify its status as a key player in the South China Sea, enhancing its negotiating position in disputes and diplomatic interactions. The physical presence on the islands also allows China to exert greater control over shipping routes and maintain influence over trade and navigation in the region.Ultimately, China's desire to bolster its territorial claims by establishing a visible physical presence on the Paracel Islands is a central motivation behind its construction efforts. This approach aligns with China's broader strategy of gradually asserting its sovereignty and expanding its influence in the South China Sea, both economically and strategically.

Strategic Significance of the Paracel Islands

The Paracel Islands hold significant strategic importance due to its location in the South China Sea. Positioned at a crucial juncture of major sea lanes, these islands offer control over vital maritime routes, facilitating the movement of trade and energy resources. Moreover, their geographic location allows for the projection of military power, enhancing a nation's presence and influence in the region.

China's construction activities on the Paracel Islands further amplify their strategic significance. By creating artificial islands and building military infrastructure, China enhances its capacity to establish an Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ), a move that can potentially restrict airspace and impact freedom of navigation for other nations[28]. This not only reinforces China's military capabilities but also strengthens its geopolitical position in the contested waters.Additionally, the Paracel Islands play a crucial role in regional trade dynamics.

The South China Sea serves as a critical route for global trade, connecting East Asia to the Middle East, Europe, and Africa. Control over these islands grants a nation leverage over these maritime routes, influencing trade patterns and potentially allowing for the imposition of tariffs or regulations.In conclusion, the Paracel Islands' strategic significance lies in their control over essential sea lanes, potential projection of military power, and impact on regional trade. China's construction efforts further accentuate this importance by bolstering its ability to exert control over airspace and enhance its geopolitical influence in the South China Sea.

Geopolitical Implications and International Responses

The construction activities undertaken by China have elicited diverse responses from neighbouring nations, the United States, and global organizations. Neighbouringcountries like Vietnam, Philippines, Taiwan, etc., have expressed concern over the potential geopolitical implications, fearing shifts in regional power dynamics and possible military tensions arising from China's actions[29]. The construction of artificial islands and military installations in the South China Sea has raised concerns about territorial claims and navigation rights, particularly affecting global trade routes.

The United States, viewing these activities as a challenge to its influence in the region, has adopted a mixed response. It has conducted freedom of navigation operations to contest China's territorial claims[30] and has also engaged in diplomatic efforts to address the issue multilaterally. International organizations, such as ASEAN, have called for peaceful resolution through negotiations and adherence to international law.[31]

The situation underscores the delicate balance between maintaining stable global trade routes and avoiding military conflict. Diplomatic initiatives, including dialogue and arbitration, have been pursued to defuse tensions and find common ground. The complex interplay of economic interests, security concerns, and regional relationships makes navigating this issue a critical endeavour for the international community. The responses from various actors reflect the intricate challenge of addressing China's construction activities while upholding peace, stability, and international norms.

Uncertainties and Potential Consequences Top of Form

The China military build-up in the Paracel Islands introduces a range of uncertainties with potential far-reaching consequences. Firstly, the accelerated militarization of the region could lead to heightened tensions, triggering arms races and military responses from neighbouring countries. This militaristic approach raises concerns about the stability of the South China Sea, as it challenges the status quo and established maritime norms.Secondly, the role of alliances in the region could shift due to China's actions. As tensions escalate, neighbouring countries might seek closer ties with external powers, such as the United States, to counterbalance China's growing influence. This could result in a complex web of alliances and strategic partnerships, potentially exacerbating geopolitical rivalries.

Furthermore, the building of military infrastructure on the Paracel Islands could impact the delicate ecosystem and marine biodiversity of the region, causing environmental consequences that ripple through the ecosystem and affect local livelihoods. The heightened presence of military assets might also lead to accidental clashes or misunderstandings, increasing the risk of conflict.Ultimately, the uncertainties surrounding China's military activities in the Paracel Islands underscore the need for transparent communication, diplomacy, and multilateral engagements.

Way Forward : Mitigation and Diplomatic Solutions

In the face of escalating tensions caused by China's military activities in the Paracel Islands, diplomatic solutions and mitigation strategies are imperative to ensure regional stability and prevent conflict. Confidence-building measures play a pivotal role in reducing suspicion and fostering open communication among the parties involved. Establishing channels for dialogue, transparency in military operations, and joint maritime patrols can help build trust and reduce the risk of misunderstandings.Multilateral negotiations offer a platform for all concerned nations to engage in discussions and share their perspectives. Engaging in these talks allows for a better understanding of each country's concerns, interests, and intentions. Regional organizations like ASEAN could facilitate such negotiations, fostering a cooperative environment to address the issue collectively.

Upholding international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), is crucial for resolving disputes in a peaceful manner. Encouraging all parties to adhere to these legal frameworks provides a common ground for discussions and decisions regarding territorial claims and maritime boundaries.Furthermore, promoting economic cooperation and joint development initiatives in the region can shift the focus from military competition to mutual benefits. Shared economic interests can incentivize countries to seek peaceful resolutions and put aside aggressive postures.

Conclusion

China's construction activities in the Paracel Islands underscore the complexity of geopolitical rivalries in the South China Sea. The motivations behind these activities range from military dominance to economic gains, with far-reaching implications for regional stability. As tensions continue to escalate and involve major global players, finding a peaceful resolution to the disputes remains a challenging task. The situation in the Paracel Islands serves as a stark reminder of the intricate interplay between history, geopolitics, and the pursuit of strategic interests in today's world. By examining the historical context, motives, and consequences of these actions, this article has tried to provide insight into the multifaceted dynamics surrounding the South China Sea dispute, mainly focusing on Paracel Islands.To conclude, as the international community navigates this complex issue, diplomatic efforts and adherence to established norms will play a crucial role in shaping the future of the South China Sea.

Notes

[1]Tønnesson, S. (2002). The Paracels: The “other” South China Sea dispute - JSTOR. The Paracels: The “other” South China Sea dispute. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42704389?read-now=1

[2]Ham, J., & Lee, C. (2023, August 23). US, Vietnam, Taiwan oppose China’s buildup on Triton Island. VOA. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-vietnam-taiwan-oppose-china-s-buildup-on-triton-island/7237517.html

[3]People’s Republic of China, P. R. of C. (2016, June 20). China has indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands. http://eu.china-mission.gov.cn/eng/more/SouthChinaSeaIssue160420001/201606/t20160620_8302834.htm#:~:text=China’s%20activity%20in%20the%20South,sovereignty%20and%20jurisdiction%20over%20them.

[4] Ibid

[5]Dzurek, Daniel J.; Schofield, Clive H. (1996). The Spratly Islands dispute: who's on first?. IBRU. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-897643-23-5.

[6]Maizland, L. (2023, April 18). Why China-Taiwan relations are so tense. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-taiwan-relations-tension-us-policy-biden

[7]Freeman, A. C. W. (n.d.). Diplomacy on the rocks: China and other claimants in the South China Sea. Diplomacy on the Rocks: China and Other Claimants in the South China Sea | Middle East Policy Council. https://mepc.org/speeches/diplomacy-rocks-china-and-other-claimants-south-china-sea

[8]Ibid

[9]Ibid

[10] Ibid

[11]Ibid

[12]Ibid

[13]Ibid

[14]Ibid

[15]Ibid

[16]Ibid

[17]Ibid

[18]Ibid

[19]Ibid

[20]Ibid

[21]Ibid

[22]Ibid

[23]Author, G. (2023, August 18). Largest military buildup in 20 years, China goes unchecked in South China Sea as it continues illegal expansion. Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. https://www.eurasiantimes.com/largest-military-buildup-in-20-years-china-goes-unchecked/

[24]Ibid

[25]Wee, S., &Elemia, C. (2023, February 20). With an eye on China, Philippines moves closer to U.S. interests. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/20/world/asia/philippines-china-us.html

[26]Lee, V. R. (2018, April 4). China is building on the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea. Medium. https://medium.com/satellite-image-analysis/china-is-building-on-the-paracel-islands-in-the-south-china-sea-7dafcc7770f9

[27]Auto, H. (2022, June 23). South China Sea: Home to oil, gas reserves and rich fishing grounds. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/world/south-china-sea-home-to-oil-gas-reserves-and-rich-fishing-grounds

[28]Chan, M. (2020, June 1). South China Sea airspace control plan in works by Beijing, PLA source says. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3086679/beijings-plans-south-china-sea-air-defence-identification-zone

[29]Reuters, R. (2023, May 18). Vietnam rebukes China, Philippines over South China Sea conduct. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnam-rebukes-china-philippines-over-south-china-sea-conduct-2023-05-18/

[30]News, V. (2022, July 16). US conducts freedom of navigation operation in South China Sea. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-conducts-freedom-of-navigation-operation-in-south-china-sea/6661421.html

[31]Simões, L. (2022, June 23). The role of ASEAN in the South China Sea disputes. https://www.e-ir.info/2022/06/23/the-role-of-asean-in-the-south-china-sea-disputes/

Bibliography

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·      Ham, J., & Lee, C. (2023, August 23). US, Vietnam, Taiwan oppose China’s buildup on Triton Island. VOA. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-vietnam-taiwan-oppose-china-s-buildup-on-triton-island/7237517.html

·      People’s Republic of China, P. R. of C. (2016, June 20). China has indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands. http://eu.china-mission.gov.cn/eng/more/SouthChinaSeaIssue160420001/201606/t20160620_8302834.htm#:~:text=China’s%20activity%20in%20the%20South,sovereignty%20and%20jurisdiction%20over%20them.

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·      Lee, V. R. (2018, April 4). China is building on the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea. Medium. https://medium.com/satellite-image-analysis/china-is-building-on-the-paracel-islands-in-the-south-china-sea-7dafcc7770f9

·      Auto, H. (2022, June 23). South China Sea: Home to oil, gas reserves and rich fishing grounds. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/world/south-china-sea-home-to-oil-gas-reserves-and-rich-fishing-grounds

·      Chan, M. (2020, June 1). South China Sea airspace control plan in works by Beijing, PLA source says. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3086679/beijings-plans-south-china-sea-air-defence-identification-zone

·      Reuters, R. (2023, May 18). Vietnam rebukes China, Philippines over South China Sea conduct. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnam-rebukes-china-philippines-over-south-china-sea-conduct-2023-05-18/

·      News, V. (2022, July 16). US conducts freedom of navigation operation in South China Sea. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-conducts-freedom-of-navigation-operation-in-south-china-sea/6661421.html

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·      Dzurek, Daniel J.; Schofield, Clive H. (1996). The Spratly Islands dispute: who's on first?. IBRU. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-897643-23-5.

Pic Courtesy-Kyle Glenn at unsplash.com

(The views expressed are those of the author and do not represent views of CESCUBE.)