Agricultural Cooperation between India and Vietnam-Possibilities and Challenges

India is the 7th largest country in the world, with area of 2,972,892 sq. km and ranks the second in population with 1,367,739,118 habitants^[1]. Indian people live mostly on agriculture and in rural areas (occupying about 66% as studied in 2018). India has strengths in agricultural development that no other country in the world can acquire, such as the Indo-Gangetic plain with area of about 775,000 sq. km (2.3 times as large as the area of Vietnam) in favorable natural conditions that builds up a prosperous economic region. This region is intended for cultivation and growth of various food crops, supplied to the whole Indian nation from generation to generation^[2]. That’s why India focused on agricultural economic development right after its independence was regained in 1947. In spite of numerous efforts, India still had to deal with chronic hunger during 1950s - 1960s. With a populous country like India, food security becomes vital. Hence, in its socio-economic development strategy, the Government of India started on reforms to meet its food demands, to eliminate starvation permanently as well as to change its agricultural economy.

1. INDIAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY - BREAKTHROUGHS

1.1. Revolutions in Indian agricultural economy

As mentioned above, after its independence, ensuring the food security became the most important in India. Such an urgent situation urged Indian government and scientists to carry out reforms, and make a turning point in the agriculture. In 1963, India waged the “First Green Revolution” by introducing new high-yielding, good-quality rice varieties with an aim to eliminate starvation from social life. In 1963, India imported some new wheat strains from Mexico and processed the Sonora 64 strain with a radioactive substance to create Sharbati Sonora seeds better than the selected Mexican strain. New plant varieties brought into the “Green Revolution” became more adaptable to weather changes, more resistant to pestilent insects and able to be grown at any time of the year. In addition to introduction of new high-yielding rice varieties (mainly rice and wheat), India has stepped up reclamation, restoration, widened the crop area, and also improved the irrigation system and imported chemical fertilizers, insecticides.

Immediately after the first green revolution was brought to an end, in the 1970s, India waged the “White Revolution” with the intention of an increased supply of milk to its people. Government of India launched a dairy farming program titled “Operation Flood 1971-1996” in which rural producers were grouped into cooperatives to ensure that they would have better marketplaces and prices. Since 1989, India has effectuated “Technology Mission on Dairy Development” programme for purpose of increased productivity, assurance of input and output for the dairy farming sector. Indian Government applies a high import tax rate in order to protect its domestic dairy production against the international competitiveness in the global market. Specific dairy production model of India is being studied by many developing countries.

Since 1983, Indian Government waged the “Second Green Revolution” with the goal of “qualitative change” in agricultural production so as to continuously improve productivity, product quality, and income assurance for the people. In an interview with Wall Street Journal, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said: “We need a second green revolution, making use of modern advances in biotechnology and other frontier technologies to usher in a new phase of expansion, a new frontier as it were in the agriculture possibility curve.”^[3]. This revolution focuses on application of new farming technologies and techniques, such as: Using new types of fertilizer, irrigation technology and machinery widely; coordinating the watering resources by irrigating the water source from the North to the West and the South; focus on improvement of input materials, services for farmers, agricultural extension and management methods. As a result, India increased its food productivity by 2-3 times^[4], enabled itself to feed itself, to eradicate starvation and to export.

However, the agricultural revolutions that India implemented have not yielded the expected results. Food was not enough to meet demands; the long-time overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides made the arable farmland degraded, eroded and seriously contaminated. As a result, single revolutions were not strong enough to push India out of difficulty, but comprehensive reforms in the agriculture could lead to a sustainable economic growth. Therefore, in 1991-1999, the Indian Government undertook the first comprehensive agricultural economic reform in the first phase, with a series of measures covering: Reinforcing infrastructure in the agricultural sector; establishing a fund to support water resource development for 100 priority regions; building cold storages to preserve 1.2 million tons of post-harvest produce; spending 10 million USD for the wasteland reclamation and utilization project^[5]. Raising the role of farmer households, strengthening the cooperatives, developing horticulture, floriculture, afforestation. Establishing a national crop forecast centre and amending the Essential Commodities Act; more closely controlling stockpiling and deal on the black market so as to stabilize the market and the social life; Industrializing the rural area; Lifting control over agricultural fertilizer prices (1992); Offering a comprehensive crop insurance (1995)^[6]; Establishing the regional rural banks for agricultural development.

From 2000 to present, the agricultural economic reform in India entered phase two. The Government of India advocates: Rapid agricultural development and agriculture-based industries in favourable places, Intensification of post-harvest management and reasonable price policies for agricultural produce, More construction and constant modernization of cold storages with capability of preserving 2 million tons, Establishment of a large-scale rural infrastructure development fund, Restructuring of local agricultural banks and Incentives to establish voluntary groups of agricultural investors.

On July 28, 2000, India announced a new agricultural policy with the growth target at 4% per year (it was only 1.5% / year at that time). From 2004-2010, the investment in agriculture increased by 7.5-7.7%; priority was given to livestock, animal husbandry, rural electrification and irrigation; implementing a plan to link all the big rivers of the country by a system of canals, dams, reservoirs; developing a comprehensive strategy for inspection, monitoring and preservation, reducing losses and waste in the production, transportation, preservation and distribution of agricultural produces; investing 22 million USD in large agricultural production areas; every year, spending 16 billion USD for measures of reducing post-harvest damages. In February 2002, Government of India promulgated the “Essential Commodities Act”. In addition to those reforms, this Act emphasizes elimination of restrictions on inter-state transportation of agricultural products; the farmers’ ability to sell their agricultural products at the best price; building transportation lines to the market to keep product quality handed to the consumers, especially for fruits and vegetables; establishment of the Animal Welfare Board of India; development of commercial banking system for agriculture (In 2004, India had 67,283 branches of commercial banks, of which 32,178 branches were based in the rural areas, accounting for 47.8%)^[7]… In May 2005, India invested about 3 billion USD in development of rural infrastructure^[8]… These are important elements that impulse development of Indian agricultural economy. Promoting international cooperation on agriculture. With the objective of boosting agricultural exports, India set up “Agri Export Zones” (AEZs) and encouraged produces with international competitiveness in the global market with an aim of creating more jobs, income to the farmers as well as increasing in foreign currency revenue.

1.2. Achievements of Indian agricultural economy

By implementing the comprehensive agricultural economic reforms, India has made breakthroughs. Firstly, those are successes from the two Green revolutions that eradicated chronic hunger (1984) in India and turned it into the second largest rice exporter in the world (1995). By 2016-2017, India’s crop yields hit a high record of 273.38 million tons, increasing by 0.51% higher than the plan (about 217.98 million tons), increasing by 3.15% higher than previous record in 2013-2014^[9]. India became the world’s leading rice exporter. India is also the world’s biggest producer, consumer and exporter of spices; it ranks second in fruits and vegetables export in the world; third in tobacco production and sixth in coffee production in the world as well.

In the field of animal husbandry, India has also gained lots of achievements. From being an importer of dairy products, India has become the world’s leading dairy exporter: From 17 million tons (1951), to 81 million tons (2000), 91 million tons (2005) and increasing to 163.7 million tons (2017)^[10]… In particular, there are 10 largest milk producing states in India, namely: Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Bihar ^[11]. India ranks fifth in egg production, sixth in fish production ... Thanks to a series of reforms, GDP growth reached 6.75% in the fiscal year 2017-2018 and will reach 7.7, 5% in fiscal year 2018-2019, making it become the world’s fastest growing economy. According to the World Bank (WB), India will grow 7.3% in fiscal year 2018-2019 and then return to the growth rate of 7.5% in fiscal year 2019-2020^[12]. This is a very wonderful phenomenon and a good example for other countries, including Vietnam.

2. INDIA - VIETNAM AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION

2.1. Experiences in Indian economic development for Vietnam

From India’s successes in agricultural economic reforms, Vietnam can learn from India’s experience in agricultural development in such aspects as mentioned below:

Firstly, stepping up application of science and technology in agriculture: Owing to biotechnology, transgenic crops with better resistance to herbicides, pestilent insects and higher yield and quality could be created; the accelerated application of science and technology also helps India conduct intensive farming, increase crops and make irrigation work effectively, especially construction of cold storage systems and transport lines from production to consumer that may ensure product quality and minimize any loss. This is the key to success of any countries with strategies for agricultural economic development, including Vietnam. In Vietnam, cross-breeding, selection of plant and animal breeds have not been really sustainable with no breakthrough in productivity and quality. Vietnam needs to create new plants and animal breeds with higher productivity, remarkable quality by cross-breeding and thereby to build its own brand.

As a great power in information technology, India has made full use of its advantages in applying the scientific sector to accurately forecast the agricultural weather, the consumer market of agricultural produces and the crops insurance. Website of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is regarded as the most voluminous “online encyclopedia” in the agricultural sector. Two million visitors from 157 countries accessing and interacting on this website every month proves its usefulness and irresistible attraction. Vietnam can learn from such experience of India.

Secondly, improving and effectively utilizing the agricultural land, irrigation system and infrastructure in the agricultural production: India has applied science and technology to restore soil fertility, especially plots of exhausted land; to use fertilizer in the way that is suitable for each growth stage of plant, for each type of soil. The optimal measure is to use biological and microbiological fertilizers in order to raise efficiency of fertilizer use and to decrease in production costs; to rotate the crops in the right direction and to use irrigation water effectively. To invest in new irrigation systems, especially the irrigation system for upland plants, the irrigation system for aquaculture and salt production; to build wastewater control and treatment systems in the craft villages and in the concentrated population areas; to raise the community role; to socialize the irrigation work for agricultural, forestry and fishery production gradually by entrusting the farmers with management of irrigation works in their villages and communes.

Thirdly, applying Indian organic agriculture model and improving the state’s managerial role through “National Crop Insurance Programme”: Vietnam is one of the countries which are most-at-risk for suffering loss and damages when climate change occurs. The organic agricultural model of India is worth learning for Vietnam, in order to help its farmers change their production and business practices. “National Crop Insurance Programme” by India is also worth learning. Agricultural insurance products are intended for all farmers and compulsory for the borrowers. Compensation for various crops ranges from 60-90% average yield in previous years and amount of loan insurance is up to 150% output value. Premium rate is 1.5-3% for food crops and oil-bearing crops respectively. Annual commercial crops, garden crops are applied in reality. Compensation rate is higher than the premium (for food crops, oil-bearing crops) and higher than 150% premium (for annual commercial crops)^[13]. To do that, the State should improve its role in synchronous governance from central level to grassroots, promulgate the transparent, clear policies to promote the farmer’s active and creative role.

Lastly, boosting the high-quality human resources training in the field of agricultural economy: This is an advantageous strength of India. In each of 25 states and 7 centrally-run territories of India, there is an agricultural university, led by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (popularly known as PUSA Institute). This Institute is not only intended for Indian persons but also offers scholarships to many international students, including Vietnamese students. It also possesses vast fields and gardens for its students studying and researching for practice. Therefore, Vietnamese students and graduates who have been trained here, are of very high qualification and making considerable contributions to their home country. In order to impulse its agricultural development with reasonable structure, Vietnam needs to learn from India’s experience and promote their bilateral cooperation in high-quality human resource training in the agricultural sector.

2.2 Vietnam - India agricultural cooperation

* Vietnam’s agricultural economic achievements

Vietnam, too, has made great strides in agricultural development. From being a regular importer of millions of tons of food, Vietnam has become one of the leading rice exporters in the world. In 1988, Vietnam had to import 4,000 tons of rice but by 2003, it exported 4 million tons of rice and become the second largest rice exporter in the world (after Thailand). In 2017, Vietnam’s rice export turnover reached 5.79 million tons, bringing in 2.6 billion USD[14] which increased to 6.15 million tons in 2018, with a turnover of 3.15 billion USD, increasing by 5.7% in volume and 19.6% in value higher than that in 2017. Vietnam is also the world’s leading exporter of Robusta coffee, pepper, and a top-ten exporter of aquatic products in the world. Total agricultural export turnover has increased rapidly, from 7.16 billion USD (2006) to 19.15 billion USD (2010), 30 billion USD (2015), 32.1 billion USD (2016), 36.37 billion USD (2017) and hit a high record of 40 billion USD in 2018^[15]. Vietnam has 10 commodity groups with export turnover of 1 billion USD and above, of which export turnover of shrimp, fruits, cashew nuts, coffee, and wooden furniture are above 3 billion USD. Vietnam’s agricultural products are on the ground in more than 180 countries and territories, which is especially affirmed by its trademarks and brands in the big markets like USA, EU, Japan, Russia and China. Vietnam’s agricultural export ranks the second in Southeast Asia and the fifteenth in the world^[16]. Early 2019, despite the complicated situation, such as outbreak of African swine fever, saltwater intrusion in the Mekong Delta, landslides in the central coastal region ..., but, in the first quarter of 2019, growth rate of agricultural production has reached 2.29%; GDP has reached about 2.68%^[17]. In 2019, Vietnam’s agricultural sector strives to make its agricultural GDP grew by over 3.0%, production grew by over 3.11%^[18] and export turnover reaching to 43 billion USD^[19].

* Status of Vietnam - India agricultural cooperation

India and Vietnam have a long-standing cooperative relationship, originating from a long history of cultural exchange, which is increasingly upgraded to a comprehensive strategic partnership, so the agricultural economic cooperation potential between these two countries is vast and constantly expanded. By establishing the Mekong Delta Rice Research Institute - CLRRI (1977) and Southern Fruit Research Institute - SOFRI (1994), Government of India transferred scientific and technical findings and supported Vietnam to train the agricultural researchers. Many agricultural cooperation conferences and workshops between Vietnam - India took place frequently, especially the establishment of Indian Centre for High Performance Computing in Hanoi and Vietnamese Tra fish farm in India. Visits by ministers, vice-ministers of relevant ministries were strengthened, conclusion of important legal documents took place; Business forums between the two countries were set up and have been operating effectively.

To consider cooperation opportunities, to review the signed contents and to find the way to lift obstacles that hinder exchange of agricultural produces between the two countries, on September 30, 2015, Vietnamese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Indian Ministry of Agriculture agreed to establish a joint working group. Indian Minister of Agriculture Balyan insisted that: Vietnam and India have many opportunities for agricultural economic cooperation. India is willing to cooperate and exchange its experience with Vietnam. On the Vietnam’s part, Deputy Minister Vu Van Tam affirmed that: In recent years, Vietnam and India have organized many agricultural cooperation programs, but they have been not commensurate with the potential and expectations of the two governments. India has many advantageous strengths that Vietnam ought to promote for its agricultural development, such as animal husbandry, research and production of veterinary medicines including foot-and-mouth disease vaccines, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines ... as well as desires to raise Vietnam-India agricultural cooperation to a new height^[20].

In 2016, India and Vietnam signed a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in veterinary medicine and a Cooperation Agreement on construction of tra fish farms; continued information sharing about phytosanitary quarantine and hygiene safety standards between the two countries; strengthened cooperation in the field of biotechnology, post-harvest technology and agricultural mechanization. India has transferred technology to Vietnam and involved technical cooperation in various fields, such as biotechnology, as well as assisted Vietnam in the high-quality human resources training.

On November 28, 2017, India and Vietnam jointly organized “The Conference on Agricultural Cooperation between India and the Mekong Delta Provinces” in Tien Giang. Its topic was “Take a look back on development status of agriculture and fishery in the Mekong Delta region and opportunities for cooperation with India in the agricultural and fishery development together with related policies”. At the workshop, Mr. Parvathaneni Harish, Indian Ambassador to Viet Nam said: Agriculture is a key field of co-operation between India and Viet Nam, especially the Mekong Delta region – the largest granary in the country. In particular, farm produce and processed food continue to account for a large proportion in bilateral trade. Indian companies have poured a remarkable amount of investment in Viet Nam in recent years, focusing on key commodities such as sugar, tea, coffee and pepper, as well as seeds and agricultural equipment, he said... Vietnam also regarded India as a big consumption market of Vietnamese farm produces. Therefore, many Vietnamese enterprises treat India as a market of special importance and expect India to create favourable conditions for Vietnam to continue exporting some key farm produces (such as coffee, rubber, cashew nuts, pepper, chicken, pig, etc.) to India and also hoped for India to improve its tax imposed on the farm produce from Vietnam, for trade balance of farm produce between the two nations (Vietnam is currently having trade deficit with India).

After such a workshop held on November 30, 2017, Mr. Hoang Van Thang, Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam had a talk with Mr. Parvathaneni Harish, representatives of India Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Agriculture, Indian Ambassador to Vietnam, to discuss promotion of agricultural trade cooperation between the two nations. As Mr. Parvathaneni Harish said: Although bilateral trade relations between the two nations on agricultural produce are relatively high, increasing more and more, it has not developed its potential in the agricultural cooperation, and he hoped the two nations’ cooperation be boosted by beginning a protocol for farm produce between two nations.

Entering the year of 2018, India-Vietnam agricultural cooperation continues to be strengthened. On January 18, 2016, Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade and Indian Ministry of Industry and Trade collaborated with Indian Trade Promotion Council to successfully organize the “Vietnam - India Cooperation in the domains of Agriculture - Processed Food “. On this occasion, the two nations introduced the potentials and opportunities to boost the bilateral trade in the domains of agriculture, forestry and fishery; addressed some solutions to promote the bilateral trade relations and to make a sudden growth. Vietnam imports animal feed, pesticides, agricultural machinery and equipment from India (Now, Vietnam is suffering a deficit in trade with India), while India imports fruits, coffee, pepper, cashew nuts, seafood from Vietnam.

On 2-4 March 2018, former President Tran Dai Quang paid an official visit to India. The two nations made the Joint Declaration, suggesting that Vietnamese and Indian enterprises strengthen their search for new business investment opportunities in the potential domains of cooperation priority,^[21], such as reinforcing cooperation and knowledge sharing in the field of hi-tech agricultural application, farming practices and agricultural techniques of the two countries. On this occasion, Vietnamese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) signed an agricultural cooperation plan for 2018-2020.^[22].

At the Vietnam - India Business Forum held on October 26, 2016 in New Delhi, themed “New Vision for Agriculture: Building and Strengthening Vietnam-India Partnerships“, the two nations continued to affirm that the India - Vietnam friendship and cooperation relations have strong, comprehensive, substantive and effective developments and are raised to a new height. By the end of 2017, India’s total registered investment capital in Vietnam reached 756 million USD, with 168 investment projects, ranking 28/126 countries and territories investing in Vietnam, focusing in the domains of agricultural processing, mining, oil and gas, mineral processing, information technology ... Vietnam has 7 investment projects in India with a total registered capital of 6.15 million USD, mainly in the fields of distribution of animal feed, construction materials, export of cosmetics and IT products. Bilateral trade turnover between the two nations reached over 12 billion USD in 2017 where Vietnam’s import turnover was 800 million USD with main imports such as raw aquatic products, corn, animal feed and raw materials, and Vietnam exported farm produce, processed food, fruits, coffee, pepper, cashew nuts, aquatic products and rubber with export turnover of 400 million USD. The two nations expect to create more bridges for their businesses to communicate and exchange information and then lead to conclusion of joint-venture and investment agreements and agricultural product trading agreements towards a goal of 15 billion USD bilateral trade volume by 2020^[23].

At Vietnam - India Business Forum held on November 19, 2018 in Hanoi, themed “Building stronger ties for economic integration”, by judging the prospect of trade cooperation between India - Vietnam in the future, Indian President Ram Nath Kovind affirmed: Vietnam is a very important trading partner for India in ASEAN, and India is now among the largest trading partners of Vietnam, in which, agriculture is an important field of cooperation between two countries. Representative of Vietnam at this forum - Deputy Prime Minister Trinh Dinh Dung affirmed that: Vietnam desires to boost the more comprehensive, effective, deeper and wider cooperation with India on the basis of mutual sharing, support, linking the potential strengths of each country^[24]. In coming time, India and Vietnam agreed to strengthen their specific cooperation to maximize their strength of agricultural production, to develop a hi-tech agricultural relation in association with environmental protection and to affirm their brands of clean and good quality agricultural products on the market as planned on their targets.

3. Conclusion: Agricultural cooperation and Possibilities

With a starting point accompanied by similarities in nature and society, the socio-economic development strategies of both India and Vietnam consider agriculture as key economic sector of their respective national economy. Both countries have launched lots of policies to boost their agricultural economic development to be perfectly adequate for potentials of each country. Along with promoting their internal forces, both India and Vietnam have reinforced their cooperative relations to the outside. For more practical and effective cooperation in the agricultural economy, Vietnam proposed some ideas to build up the cooperation programs for the two countries in the coming time.

Firstly, a route for India-Vietnam agricultural economic cooperation (as per 5 years) is clearly and specifically planned in the overall strategy of trade cooperation between the two countries by 2030 and 2050, in which principles, goals, measures, policies, essential means are emphasized in order to effectively implement the planned route . 

Secondly, Vietnam expects that India to give more priorities to Vietnam in the agricultural economic cooperation, create favourable conditions for Vietnamese agricultural products to penetrate the Indian market; especially to further the bilateral trade relations towards a goal of reaching 15 billion USD of two-way trade turnover by 2020.

Thirdly, the relationship between the two centres (Indian Research Centre in Vietnam established in 2015, and Vietnam Research Center in India established in 2018) should be furthered and also considered as focal agencies for cultural and academic exchanges between Vietnam and India, especially jointly organizing scientific conferences, sharing the scientific work on agricultural economic development in each country.

Fourthly, Vietnam should suggest India to further cooperation and sharing of its scientific and technological achievements, especially biotechnology for agricultural economic development; to implement the models of agricultural economic development, new rural construction that India has successfully implemented in Vietnam and to help Vietnam realize the organic agricultural economic models, hi-tech agricultural production in association with eco-environmental protection.

Lastly, India continues its support in high quality human resource training for Vietnam, especially offering many scholarships at the prestigious universities in India.

Therefore, both India and Vietnam want to strengthen their comprehensive strategic cooperation in which the agricultural economy will be raised to a new height, adequate for the two nations’ potentialities and aspirations, for excellent service to the economic development in each country, partially developing their respective positions on the international stage.

(Pic Courtesy- Vietnam News Agency)

(Dr. Vu Trong Hung, and  Ms Quach Thi Hue are lecturers in Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, Hanoi ,Vietnam )

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23.   Thời báo Tài chính Việt Nam Online: “Tăng cÆ°Æ¡Ì€ng hÆ¡Ì£p tác vững maÌ£nh nhằm đẩy maÌ£nh hội nhập kinh tế

”, ngày truy cập 19/11/2018.

24. Vinanet: “Sản lượng lÆ°Æ¡ng thá»±c của Ấn Độ đạt mức ká»· lục má»›i”,http://vinanet.vn/cong-thuong/san-luong-luong-thuc-cua-an-do-dat-muc-ky-luc-moi-672078.html, ngày truy cập 7/6/2017.

25. WTO - FTA Há»™i nhập kinh tế quốc tế: “Nông nghiệp bứt phá năm 2019 và thách thức trÆ°á»›c CPTTP, http://www.trungtamwto.vn/chuyen-de/12368-nong-nghiep-but-pha-nam-2019-va-thach-thuc-truoc-cptpp, ngày truy cập 04/01/2019.

End-Notes

[1] Dẫn theo số liệu điều tra mới nhất của Liên Hợp quốc ngày 6-6-2019, nguồn: https://danso.org/an-do/, ngày truy cập 6-6-2019.

[2] Dẫn theo Tạp chí Cộng sản: Những thành công trong cải cách nông nghiệp của Ấn Độ, http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/The-gioi-van-de-su-kien/2007/361/Nhung-thanh-cong-trong-cai-cach-nong-nghiep-cua-An-Do.aspx, ngày truy cập 5-7-2007.

[3] Phỏng vấn Manmohan Singh [N], Nhật báo Phố Wall, ngày 22/09/2004.

[4] Dẫn theo Viện Khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam: Chính sách của Ấn Độ đối với nông nghiệp và kinh nghiệm có thể tham khảo cho Việt Nam, http://www.vaas.org.vn/chinh-sach-cua-an-do-doi-voi-nong-nghiep-nong-dan-va-kinh-nghiem-co-the-tham-khao-cho-viet-nam-a14360.html, ngày truy cập 18-6-2015.

[5] I.J. Ahluwal Fund & I.M.D.Little (Edited) (2012): India’s Economic Reform and Development. Essay for Manmohan Singh, Second Editon, tr32.

[6] A.O. Kruger (Edited), (2002): Economic Policy Reform and Indian Economy, tr.4.

[7] Dẫn theo Economics Survey: 2005-2006.

[8] Economics Survey: 2005-2006: http://indiabudget.nic.in/es 2005-2006/esmain.htm.

[9] Dẫn theo Vinanet, “Sản lượng lương thực của Ấn Độ đạt mức kỷ lục mới”, http://vinanet.vn/cong-thuong/san-luong-luong-thuc-cua-an-do-dat-muc-ky-luc-moi-672078.html, ngày truy cập 7/6/2017.

[10] Dẫn theo Blll News Kết nối thành công, “Ấn Độ nổi lên là nước hàng đầu trong các quốc gia sản xuất sữa”, https://bnews.vn/an-do-noi-len-la-nuoc-hang-dau-trong-cac-quoc-gia-san-xuat-sua/66213.html, ngày truy cập 29/10/2017.

[11] Dẫn theo Người chăn nuôi “10 bang sản xuất sữa lớn nhất Ấn Độ”, http://nguoichannuoi.vn/10-bang-san-xuat-sua-lon-nhat-an-do-nd1659.html, ngày truy cập 14/4-2016.

[12] Dẫn theo Báo cáo Thế giới và Việt Nam (The World and Vietnam Report): “WB: Kinh tế Ấn Độ tăng trưởng 7,3% trong tài khóa 2019”, http://baoquocte.vn/wb-kinh-te-an-do-tang-truong-73-trong-tai-khoa-2019-67721.html, ngày truy cập 15/3/2018.

[13] Dẫn theo Tạp chí Cộng sản: Chính sách của Ấn Độ đối với nông nghiệp, nông dân và kinh nghiệm có thể tham khảo cho Việt Nam, http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/nong-nghiep-nong-thon/2015/33777/Chinh-sach-cua-An-Do-doi-voi-nong-nghiep-nong-dan-va.aspx, ngày truy cập 11-6-2015.

[14] Dẫn theo Đầu tư Online: “Top 10 thị trường xuất khẩu gạo lớn nhất của Việt Nam”, https://baodautu.vn/top-10-thi-truong-xuat-khau-gao-lon-nhat-cua-viet-nam-d78876.html, ngày truy cập 24/3/2018.

[15] Dẫn theo số liệu thống kê của Bá»™ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn Việt Nam.

[16] Đánh giá của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn tại “Hội nghị Tổng kết 10 năm thực hiện Nghị quyết Trung ương 7 khóa X về nông nghiệp, nông dân, nông thôn”, Hà Nội, ngày 7/9/2018.

[17] Dẫn theo Nông nghiệp Việt Nam: “Tăng trưởng nông nghiệp quý 1/2019 cao hơn trung bình 5 năm gần đây”, https://nongnghiep.vn/tang-truong-nong-nghiep-quy-1-2019-cao-hon-trung-binh-5-nam-gan-day-post239673.html, ngày truy cập 5/4/2019.

[18] Dẫn theo WTO - FTA Hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế: “Nông nghiệp bứt phá năm 2019 và thách thức trước CPTTP”, http://www.trungtamwto.vn/chuyen-de/12368-nong-nghiep-but-pha-nam-2019-va-thach-thuc-truoc-cptpp, ngày truy cập 04/01/2019.

[19] Dẫn theo Tạp chí Cộng sản Online: “Xuất khẩu nông sản Việt Nam hướng tới mục tiêu 43 tỷ USD”, (http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/kinh-te/2019/54065/Xuat-khau-nong-san-Viet-Nam-nam-2019-huong-toi-muc-tieu.aspx), ngày truy cập 4/02/2019.

[20] Dẫn theo Tin tức: “Việt Nam và Ấn Độ thúc đẩy hợp tác phát triển nông nghiệp”, https://baotintuc.vn/nguoi-viet-4-phuong/viet-nam-va-an-do-thuc-day-hop-tac-phat-trien-nong-nghiep-20150930193027510.htm), ngày truy cập 30/9/2015.

[21] Tuyên bố chung giữa Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam và Cộng hòa Ấn Độ về chuyến thăm cấp Nhà nước tới Ấn Độ của Nguyên Chủ tịch nước Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam Trần Đại Quang (3/2018).

[22] Dẫn theo Dân Việt: “Tăng cường hợp tác nông nghiệp giữa Việt Nam vá»›i Ấn Độ và Bangladesh”, http://danviet.vn/nha-nong/tang-cuong-hop-tac-nong-nghiep-giua-viet-nam-voi-an-do-va-bangladesh-854652.html, ngày truy cập 07/3/2018.

[23] Dẫn theo Báo Công thương Online: “Thúc đẩy tầm nhìn mới cho nông nghiệp: Xây dựng và tăng cường quan hệ đối tác Việt Nam - Ấn Độ", https://congthuong.vn/thuc-day-hop-tac-nong-nghiep-viet-nam-an-do-110883.html, ngày truy cập 28/10/2018.

[24] Dẫn theo Diễn đàn Doanh nghiệp: “Doanh nghiệp Việt Nam - Ấn Độ sẽ làm sâu sắc mối quan hệ đối tác chiến lược toàn diện Việt Nam - Ấn Độ”, http://enternews.vn/doanh-nghiep-viet-nam-an-do-se-lam-sau-sac-moi-quan-he-doi-tac-chien-luoc-toan-dien-viet-nam-an-do-140190.html, ngày truy cập 20/11/2018.